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Engineering

Electromagnetic interference in implantable pacemakers

W Irnich, J M de Bakker, H J Bisping

Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : PACE|January 1, 1978

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Summary

Inhibited pacemakers offer benefits but can be disrupted by electromagnetic interference, posing risks. Simple internal time analysis can mitigate some interference issues, but diathermy fields should be avoided.

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Medical Device Technology

Background:

Inhibited pacemakers (VVI/AAI) are popular for their physiological benefits and energy efficiency in patients with spontaneous activity.
A key drawback of inhibited pacemakers is their susceptibility to external electromagnetic interference (EMI).

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the risks associated with electromagnetic interference on inhibited pacemakers.
To discuss potential solutions and limitations in pacemaker protection against EMI.

Main Methods:

Review of pacemaker functionality and known interference sources.
Analysis of specific electromagnetic field types (amplitude modulated, pulsed) and their effects.
Discussion of internal pacemaker modifications for interference mitigation.

Main Results:

Certain electromagnetic fields, particularly those with modulation frequencies in the physiological range (e.g., from welders, electric plants, therapeutic currents), can cause pacemaker malfunction.
Even simple devices like touch-actuated switches can affect demand pacemakers.
Diathermy equipment poses a significant risk, potentially causing dangerously high or low pacemaker rates.

Conclusions:

While modern pacemakers have some EMI protection, specific field types remain a threat.
Internal time analysis devices can help manage certain interference scenarios.
Patients with pacemakers should avoid exposure to diathermy equipment due to severe risks.

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